Battle of Ashdown in the Viking-Saxon Wars

Improving Child Nutrition in the Local Schools - 600 Words

The Case Study of Improving Child Nutrition in the Local Schools The Health Department has been approached by a small group of fathers who are interested in improving child nutrition in the local schools. †¢ How will you prepare for your first meeting with the parents? ï‚ § The first step for my preparation is to gather information from the school and the distract website about the menu and food options that kids have at their school. ï‚ § I will make sure to listen and write any concern and ideas that they have that might improve their children nutrient at school. †¢ What data will you collect and from what sources? ï‚ § I am going to collect the school obesity/physical activity plan from the school district website. ï‚ § I will collect the†¦show more content†¦Ã¯â€š § Encourage to community to plant and farm their own organic and fresh fruits and vegetables. †¢ When will you leave the group and turn over the administration to the community? ï‚ § I will leave the group and turn over the administration to the community after making sure that most or all community leaders understand the importance of improving the child nutrition in the local schools in case any parents in the community have any question or concern about this topic have someone to answer and ease his worry and concern. Select one community organization/community building as a reference/model and indicate: Where does funding for many of the community organizing and community building projects come from? What type of efforts would support enhanced funding for quality evaluation of community building initiatives? Rock on Cafe: achieving sustainable systems changes in school lunch programs is an article describes the components, processes, and initial successes of a grassroots effort and innovative project to improve the nutritional quality of the School Lunch Program through a sustainable systems intervention and policy change across a regional area of upstate New York (Johnston et.al, 2009). The Rock on Cafe intervention was partially funded by the Steps to a Healthier New York program and promises to be a model for creating a school environment that supports healthy dietary behaviors among children. As a demonstration project, theShow MoreRelatedChild Hunger And Food Insecurity1469 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Child hunger and food insecurity are a huge problem in Tennessee. Literature suggests that food insecurity for children, while a nationwide problem, is highest for children living in southern states. Tennessee children experience significant food insecurity. Proper child nutrition is essential to proper health and development. In order for children to maintain focus, achieve productivity and physical strength, they need adequate. Food Nutrition Services (FNS) administers food reimbursementRead MoreHunger-Free Kids Act of 2010709 Words   |  3 Pageskids act is a nutrition program that provides all children with healthy food in school and to low income families. Because of this act schools are playing a larger role in children’s health. Included in this legislation other programs that focus on hunger has come into play such as: Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Woman, Infants and Children (WIC), Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP), Summer Food Service Prog ram, After School Meal Program and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance ProgramRead MoreThe Impact Of Finley School District : A Research Project On Student Achievement1314 Words   |  6 Pages Abstract Finley School District (FSD) works in collaboration with school staff to promote, develop and maintain social and emotional resources needed to ensure student progress and success. These programs and services are funded through Title 1, local, state and federal sources, and are geared towards meeting the specific needs of varying student populations. 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It provides nutritionally balanced, low†cost or free lunches to more than 31 million children each school day in 2012 based on the childs household income (USDA). The program is managed by the Food and Nutrition Service at the Federal level and by a State education agency at the state level. We will be looking at the statistics of the National Lunch Program for five local schools, and compareRead MoreMaternal And Child Health : Health Delivery Systems1645 Words   |  7 Pages Maternal and Child Health Florida Atlantic Universi HSA3111: Health Delivery Systems Aleshia King Spring 2016 Table of Contents Introduction Introduction According to Kotch, J. (2005), Maternal and Child Health is the professional and academic field that focuses on the determinants, mechanisms and systems that promote and maintain health, safety, well-being and appropriate development of children and their families in communities and societies, in order toRead MoreThe On The Healthy Hunger Free Kids Act1554 Words   |  7 Pagesinformation on likelihood of decreasing rate of childhood obesity as well as alternative policy. Reinforcing NSLP in every school in our nation to adhere to dietary guidelines set forth by USDA. In addition, focusing on education and raising awareness among children and their parents even if our nation is on financial crisis especially budgetary and spending issues. Improving child nutrition is everyone responsibility including our late president, Obama. President Obama signed Healthy Hungry-Free Kids ActRead MoreEssay On Obesity1410 Words   |  6 PagesUniversity â€Æ' Topic The article reviews peer reviewed scientific U.S. based literature to examine the state laws and local policies and the impact of the public policy strategies on schools and other environments, individual activity and nutrition related behaviors and obesity and weight outcomes (Chriqui, 2013). However, the studies that were used and have been used, focus primarily on the school environment and the influence of physical education and physical activity policies as well as food and beverageRead MoreThe Responsibility For Childhood Nutrition1001 Words   |  5 PagesThe responsibility for childhood nutrition relies on parents, but also it depends on the government when health problems affecting children’s growth and intellectual development take place. But how effective is the state intervention? To what extent should the government decide for the citizens? These are some questions this policy brief attempts to answer. Anyone likes government to decide their diet; however several programs were implemented to face one of the most important consequences ofRead MoreWic Program Essay1025 Words   |  5 Pagescare and proper nutrition to low income pregnant, postpartum, and breastfeeding women during a crucial time for both mothers and babies. The mission of WIC is to â€Å"safeguard the health of low-income women, infants, and children up to age 5 who are at nutrition risk by providing nutritious foods to supplement diets, information on healthy eating, and referrals to health care.† (Food and Nutrition Service, 2010). Services are provided through various health clinics, hospitals, schools, community centers

Leadership model Free Essays

I have never really had any father to emulate nor a family that could guide me.   Many would say that I was all alone and would never be a leader type because I never had any role models growing up.   Yet I beg to differ from the public stereotype of leadership role models because even given my difficult situation growing up I did find a leadership role model, my coach. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership model or any similar topic only for you Order Now    While this may not seem to be a conventional choice for most people, I firmly believe that it was because of my basketball coach that I have developed the leadership skills I have today and have become a leader myself. Before I relate why I think my basketball coach is the best leadership role model that I have had in my life, albeit arguably inexperienced, I feel that it is important for me to discuss just what I think a leader is and should be. Great leaders have been said to be catalysts of change because of their ability to motivate, to inspire and to make any group of individuals act as a cohesive working unit (House, 2004).   While there are those who argue that a leader must always make waves in order to make a definite impact in any working environment, it has also been shown that an effective leader must be able to contextualize his actions and understand what the best course is given the environment he is working in (Warneka, 2006). Coach Smith, as we used to call him, was that type of leader.   He never insisted on making waves but addressed the needs of the players and motivated every single one of us.   Superstar egos on the team were shelved and the goals of the team always came first before personal glory.   At the same time however, he made the person who contributed to the success of the team feel and know that it was his great performance which made a difference and in doing so inspired that person to work harder, not only for the good of the team but for himself as well. This leadership style employed by Coach Smith is also quite similar to another great leader who achieved impressive results, Herb Kelleher of Southwest Airlines. Southwest Airlines, the company he created, consistently fared better than its competitors, surviving the tough times for the aviation industry. One of the secrets to the company’s success is its unique culture that differentiates it from its competitors. At Southwest, there is a great emphasis on the people aspect of the business. In fact, Herb Kelleher in an interview with Babson Insight vividly demonstrated his commitment to the staff of the company by calling them People – in this way, written with a capital letter (Herb Kelleher, 2004). Coach Smith empowered people.   He never sought to tow people in line and force them to do their bidding.   In a way he inspired me and the other members on the team to do better, much like Kelleher who made people feel that they played a major role in the success of the company.   This quiet but inspiring leadership style proved to very effective as our team won the local tournament. I realize know just how pivotal his leadership methods were for our team.   A leader does not necessarily have to make waves in order to make to facilitate change.   There are many types of leadership styles that do not call for the application of any drastic actions or forceful management techniques.   The problem with the idea that making waves is necessary to facilitate change is that the outcome and effect on the other members on the team may not react as intended and it may even have a negative effect (Torbert, 2004).   This may result in team members being unable to communicate properly with the leader or with decreased productivity due to the sudden changes and major changes in the working environment brought about by the waves. This was exactly the problem that Coach Smith was able to avoid when he took over the team and inspired us with his quiet leadership.   12 strong willed and capable individuals, each person playing for his own personal glory, to rack up the most number of points or even the league Most Valuable Player (MVP) trophy, would hardly make an efficient and effective team.   Yet Coach was able to harness the individual talents of each player but still make the unit function as an effective team. In popular leadership models such as Situational Leadership which was developed by Blanchard and Hersey in the late 1960s, the need for a flexible leader who was able to adapt leadership practices to suit the needs of the working environment was emphasized (Argyris, 1976).   A good leader must be able to assess the situation and determine what the best approach is, whether it is by making waves or quietly empowering and inspiring the team members.   Leaders do not need to make waves to facilitate change.   Other flexible and more effective means of quietly inspiring change are available and may even prove to have more of an impact than simply making waves. I like to believe that my leadership style today is similar to that which my Coach practiced or that of Herb Kelleher.   I have consciously patterned my leadership methods with the way that these great leaders have led others and inspired them.   The reason I have done so is because I believe that a person cannot motivate a team to feel good about their work if you, as their leader, do not. Similarly, team members will not feel ownership or go the extra mile if you do not. You must set an example by demonstrating passion about your work and displaying confidence in the team to do a good job.   Leaders must practice personal integrity and fairness. Model it and expect it from others. People who feel they can tell the truth, without fear of reprisal, grow as they experiment and experience success and failure (Cran, 2003). This approach to leadership of mine has as much to do with the great influence that Coach Smith has had on me as has my background.   As I mentioned earlier, I come from a broken family and my mother has been battling with cancer since I was young.   This led me to grow up in an environment that was all but bereft of role models and leaders.   There was no support and I had to work for everything that I had and still continue to do so.   It is this that has also led me to choose this style of leadership for myself because I believe that everyone had potential in them and with the proper motivation and inspiration it can be brought out, not only for the benefit of the team, the business or the company but also for the individual himself. Today’s follower-leader relationship shows that followers want trust and are not motivated by what the leader think they want, but rather by what each specific follower wants (Bain, 1982).   Motivation is generated internally, and a leader merely taps into the internal power of the follower (Thach, Thompson, and Morris, 2006).   Followers determine their commitment to organizations by reflecting on how hard they will work, what type of recognition and reward they might receive (transactional), and if that reward will be worth it (Strebel, 1996). Today I am a leader, I may not be a great leader but I am confident that I can develop my leadership skills to be one.   My leadership style is in motivating people and in quietly inspiring change and developing the talents and abilities of the people around me and in my organization.   This is the style that I have chosen because I feel that it is the most effective method.   I do not choose to be excellent or wealthy or powerful, I choose to lead and that makes all the difference. References: Argyris, C. (1976) Increasing Leadership Effectiveness, Wiley, New York Bain, D. (1982). The productivity prescription.   New York: McGraw-Hill. Cran, C (2003). Eight Ways to Motivate Your Team. Retrieved 11/14/2006, from   http://www.refresher.com/!ccmotivate.html House, R. J. (2004) Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies, SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks Northwestern University. (2004). Herb Kelleher. Retrieved November 11, 2006, from http://www.transportation.northwestern.edu/programs/patterson/lecturers/97kelleher/kelleherBio.html Thach, E. C., Thompson, K. J., and Morris, A. (2006).   A Fresh Look at Followership Torbert, W. (2004) Action Inquiry: the Secret of Timely and Transforming Leadership, San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Warneka, T. (2006). Leading People the Black Belt Way: Conquering the Five Core Problems Facing Leaders Today. Asogomi Publications Intl. Cleveland, Ohio How to cite Leadership model, Essay examples Leadership model Free Essays Malcolm Muggeridge, towards the end of his life, reflected: â€Å"Looking over my 90 years, I realize I have never made any progress in good times. I only progressed in the hard times.† While this may not be easily acceptable in today’s ears, in leadership, whatever progress in personal goals is made and sustained most of the time, not in good times, but during difficult times. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership model or any similar topic only for you Order Now Leadership Behaviors to Sustain Momentum Firstly, leadership has something to do with change, stimulation of ideas, enthusiasm and encouragement for the tasks, and influence. I wish to enumerate three vital traits, each one linked with a specific function for leaders (Beckhard, R. 1969). 1. The imagination to innovate To promote innovation, successful leaders assist in cultivating novel view, the ideas, paradigm, and applications of expertise that makes an organization distinct. During the course of the implementation this particular trait is important especially that there will be delays, resistance to the change process that normally occurs. A good leader is ingenuous to create something which will contribute to enhance and sustain the momentum. 2. The professionalism to perform. Leaders offer personal and organizational capability, assisted by personnel preparation and education, to implement impeccably and dispense worth to ever more difficult and exacting customers. There will be criticisms to come, many personal-all of which can possibly help if the leader knows how and what to do with them. He is a professional, and an important virtue that he should characterize is to be able to deliver and keep his cool whenever difficulties arise. 3. The openness to work in partnership. Leaders create associations and linkages with partners who can enlarge the organization’s contact, improve its contributions, or strengthen its systems. Since an organization is composed of people, this leader knows a lot about human nature and behavior in group settings so he can appropriately anticipate and plan as well as adjust to various personalities. Authors Sullivan and Decker, wrote a very effective communication piece in the 2005 book Effective Leadership and Nursing Management in Nursing.   The authors tried to convey the idea that the practical application of the skills comes in two important aspects and that they are indispensable as well as distinct and inseparable. The authors identified that organizations are designed in their specific arrangements as they function and these are pertinent in how the people working in their specific areas are handled and led. According to Dr. Jacques (1997), there are prime values placed on every part of the organization which he postulated in his stratified systems theory. When he called for the individual responsibility, he meant that whether the person in the spotlight may be the rank and file individual or happens to be the plant manager, the type of leadership that is seen is expressive of this core value. Management then implies the adoption of accountability and this summarily implies leadership knowing as mentioned in the preceding page on influence and exercise of power, when a person exercises accountability, he actually exerts leadership; leading by example and it is fundamentally ethical and transferable. Management and leadership are seen then, as interchangeable essentials, and according to Dr. Jacques, the existence and continuity as well as the perpetuation of a successful team depend much on the kind of leadership exemplified in the theory he posited. This need has never been brought about only by factors which inevitably affect not only the established structures and ways of doing things within the personnel area but also by the more meaningful and substantial task of managing the organization’s most important asset – the human capital. Among these factors are: stiffer competition in business; rapid changes in technological, competitive and economic environments; the explosion of technical and managerial knowledge; spiraling wage and benefits cost and so many others. These factors have no doubt been responsible for the emergence of the personnel function as a vital area in the implementation of corporate strategy. Conclusion The leadership approaches are important to imitate and assimilate as I go about my own quest for the implementation of leadership behaviors in my own workplace. Certain people who have been visible today who are worthy to emulate include men like Collin Powell and women like Oprah Winfrey. Although not all of their decisions are acceptable or popular, certainly their manner of leading have taken the world’s notice and made them trailblazers for others to follow. Reference: Permissions Department, 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ07030 USA. Jacques, Elliot. 1997. Requisite Organization: Total System for Effective Managerial Organization and Managerial Leadership for the 21st Century. London: Gower. GBR Mulhauser, Greg. Management Skills and Leadership Skills. Accessed March 17, 2008. ;http://coaching.mulhauser.net/executive/manage-vs-lead.html#evidence; Sullivan, Eleanor and Phillip J. Decker. 2005. Effective Leadership and Nursing Management in Nursing, with Student Video (4th Edition). How to cite Leadership model, Essay examples

MC Donald Restaurant

Question: Write an analysis of the case study: McDonald's Restaurants built on motivation ? Answer: The current case on McDonald restaurants presents an excellent understanding of the motivation processes for staff groups in general as well as the specific company in discussion. It explicitly develops wider variety of different schemes designed towards motivating group of staff in vary contexts. These motivation schemes in turn are successful in motivating the employees in a way that they develop a personalized interest for their units success through teamwork and collaboration, as the restaurants of the company operate in separated profit units. Mainly two specific bonus schemes the company has developed to implement the motivation among its staff, such as monthly bonus for employees and quarterly bonus for managers of top 10 percent chosen restaurants. This selection of staff for incentives (bonus) comes from a specific procedure based on growth of sales, score from mystery shopper and profitability. These indicators seem quite logical as they cover not only the companys prospect ive but also customers aspects. This motivation scheme has in turn helped putting the concept of team work for the whole staff when the benefits and rewards are considered as referred by Neal, the manager for compensation in charge. This also presents a challenge before the staff to prove them before the mystery customer which makes it fully customer centric. The portfolio pf motivation scheme of this company remained similar across its operations including UK. Similar such program in UK and Barcelona were arranged by a common meeting of awardees and their discussion with peers after return to work really developed an impact of this motivation scheme inside the company (employees). Given this scheme of motivation has acquired universal acceptance, these programs is being linked with Olympic and para Olympic Games and awardees are given chance in these games facilities to enjoy and take part in hospitality. Even some awardees are given paid trip to big cities for travel and enjoyment. While this scheme has got better acceptance by staff, at the same time critics provide a lot of caution in implementing this without of course doubting on its good effect. Neal provide a series of recipes for motivation components such as recognizing right behavior of employees, frequency of awards, understanding values and need of employees in awarding as important in designing motivation schemes. While in this case study selection of staff for incentives (bonus) are discussed to come from specific procedures taking important aspects like growth of sales, score from mystery shopper and profitability. These indicators seem quite logical as they cover not only the companys prospective but also customers aspects. Only thing that can be recommended for addition is some way the need and expectation from employees may be scanned and incorporated into the motivation schemes. In addition however Neals recipes for components for incorporating into motivation schemes in terms of recognizing right behavior of employees, understanding their values and frequency of awards should be taken into consideration as a guide in awarding as important in designing motivation schemes. References: De Cooman, R., Stynen, D., Van den Broeck, A., Sels, L. and De Witte, H. (2013), How job characteristics relate to need satisfaction and autonomous motivation: implications for work effort. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43:13421352. Wang, Zheni and Gagn, Marylne (2012). ChineseCanadian Cross-Cultural Investigation of Transformational Leadership, Autonomous Motivation, and Collectivistic Value, Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies Nov. Lovewell, D. (2013). McDonald's restaurants built on motivation. Employee Benefits, 11. Huang, Yueng-Hsiang ; Verma, Santosh K.; Chang, Wen-Ruey; Courtney, Theodore K.; Lombardi, David A.; Brennan, Melanye J. and Perry, Melissa J. (2012). Supervisor vs. employee safety perceptions and association with future injury in US limited-service restaurant workers, Accident Analysis Prevention, 47 (July): 4551

Tess Of The D’Urbervilles Essay Paper Example For Students

Tess Of The D’Urbervilles Essay Paper TO WHAT EXTENT IS TESS A VICTIM, A CREATURE CAUGHT IN A TRAP? Tess Durbeyfield is a victim of external and uncomprehended forces. Passive and yielding, unsuspicious and fundamentally pure, she suffers a weakness of will and reason, struggling against a fate that is too strong for her. Tess is the easiest victim of circumstance, society and male idealism, who fights the hardest fight yet is destroyed by her ravaging self-destructive sense of guilt, life denial and the cruelty of two men. It is primarily the death of the horse, Prince, the Durbeyfields main source of livelihood, that commences the web of circumstance that envelops Tess. Tess views herself as the cause of her families economic downfall, however she also believes that she is parallel to a murderess. We will write a custom essay on Tess Of The D’Urbervilles Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The imagery at this point in the novel shows how distraught and guilt ridden Tess is as she places her hand upon Princes wound in a futile attempt to prevent the blood loss that cannot be prevented. This imagery is equivalent to a photographic proof a lead-up to the events that will shape Tesss life and the inevitable evil that also, like the crimson blood that spouts from Princes wound, cannot be stopped. The symbolic fact that Tess perceives herself to be comparable to a murderess is an insight into the murder that she will eventually commit and is also a reference to the level of guilt that now consumes her. Nobody blamed Tess as she blamed herself. .. she regarded herself in the light of a murderess. Her parents, aware of her beauty,view Tess as an opportunity for future wealth and coupled with the unfortunate circumstance of Princes death urge Tess to venture from the engirdled and secluded region of Marlott to seek financial assistance from the Durbervilles in nearby Trantridge . It is here that she first encounters the sexually dominating and somewhat demonic Alec Durberville, whom she is later to fall victim to. Alecs first words to Tess , Well, my Beauty, what can I do for you? indicate that his first impression of Tess is only one of sexual magnetism. Alec then proceeds to charm Tess by pushing strawberries into her mouth and pressing roses into her bosom. These fruits of love are an indication of Alecs lust and sexual desire for Tess as he preys upon her purity and rural innocence. Tess unwillingly becomes a victim to Alecs inhumane,violent and aggressive sexual advances as Alec, always the master of opportunities, takes advantage of her whilst alone in the woods and rapes her. Tess has fallen subject to the crueller side of human nature as Alec seizes upon her vulnerability. After this sexual violation and corruption of innocence, Tess flees home and although she has escaped the trap of the sexually rapacious Alec for the time being,her circumstance is similar to that of a wounded animal her blood of innocence has been released. At this time Hardy gives reference to Shakespeares The Rape of Lucrece -where the serpent hisses the sweet birds sing suggesting that Alec was equivalent to Satan tempting Eve. Tess is undoubtedly a victim and her lack of understanding over such matters only increases the guilt that already embodies her. To add further to her shame she chances upon a holy man who paints exerts from the bible around the countryside. In red accusatory letters she reads THY, DAMNATION, SLUMBERETH, NOT and is horrified to think how relevant it is to her recent misfortunes. Tess at this stage is a victim to her own self conscience and she becomes a recluse trapped within her home away from the society that has unjustfully condemned her whilst in reality she has broken no law of nature. .ua6c5df4c1f817511b51247a3893b3566 , .ua6c5df4c1f817511b51247a3893b3566 .postImageUrl , .ua6c5df4c1f817511b51247a3893b3566 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua6c5df4c1f817511b51247a3893b3566 , .ua6c5df4c1f817511b51247a3893b3566:hover , .ua6c5df4c1f817511b51247a3893b3566:visited , .ua6c5df4c1f817511b51247a3893b3566:active { border:0!important; } .ua6c5df4c1f817511b51247a3893b3566 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua6c5df4c1f817511b51247a3893b3566 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua6c5df4c1f817511b51247a3893b3566:active , .ua6c5df4c1f817511b51247a3893b3566:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua6c5df4c1f817511b51247a3893b3566 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua6c5df4c1f817511b51247a3893b3566 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua6c5df4c1f817511b51247a3893b3566 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua6c5df4c1f817511b51247a3893b3566 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua6c5df4c1f817511b51247a3893b3566:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua6c5df4c1f817511b51247a3893b3566 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua6c5df4c1f817511b51247a3893b3566 .ua6c5df4c1f817511b51247a3893b3566-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua6c5df4c1f817511b51247a3893b3566:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: All About Triffles Essay Returning to work in the field, Tess witnesses the rabbits forced further to shelter as the corn rows in which they dwell are reaped and the harvesters kill every one of them with sticks and stones. This is symbolic of Tesss own situation as she is being separated little by little from family and friends and from her childhood innocence ,it is suggestive of the loneliness she now feels. The baby she has baptised as Sorrow dies, his name being an indication of the anguish that has taken place within Tess due to the circumstances of his conceival and it also epitomises what is to follow through the events of her own sorrowful life. In an attempt to s tart her life anew, Tess decides to move away from the seclusion of Marlott to Talbothays where no one will know of her past. Although filled with natural optimism, Tesss past has already begun to weave the fatalistic web that will trap her like a fly and from which the ravenous spider of chaotic doom will draw all of her lifes animation out. Talbothays Dairy is the phase of Tesss life in which she experiences her only period of sheer happiness, although at times this is tinctured by mental hesitations as to her purity and righteousness. Here we can see in an abstracted form the way society has entrapped Tess by its assertions of what is supposedly morally correct. Like a fascinated bird Tess is drawn into the wild and overgrown garden by the sound of Angel Clares harp playing. We gain here, a sense of Tesss affinity within the natural environment as she proceeds as stealthily as a cat through this profusion of growth. Hardy has likened Tess to an animal and this is symbolic also of the eminent disaster to follow. Tess is trapped once again although on this occasion she is bound to Angel by ideological fetters . Tess is transformed in Angels sight . .. a visionary essence of woman a whole sex condensed into one typical form. Tesss material, physical relationship with Alec has been replaced by a spiritual, idealised one with Angel. She has now become a victim of Angels idealisation as her individuality is becoming further suppressed by his imaginative and ethereal reasonings. As the spring season progresses so does Angel and Tesss romance and eventually she succumbs to Angels charms. After failing to tell Angel of her past, she writes him a letter which is placed beneath his door. In a cruel twist of fate , the letter slides beneath the mat and there it remains unread. Tess and Angels marriage is marred by ill omen. Hardy gives reference to the gnats that know nothing of their brief glorification as Tess herself cannot fathom the potent fatalism that will cause her such sorrow. Hardys continual use of ill -omen gives the impression of the extent of Tesss victimisation to fate; the Durberville coach and the crow of the cock symbolising the death of their relationship. On their honeymoon, traditionally a joyous occasion, Tess confides in Angel the nature of her past. Prior to this confession, Tess is horrified by the portraits she sees hanging on the walls. Angel beholds a similar quality within Tess an arrogance and ferocity which is the truth linked to her past. On hearing of Tesss unfortunate past, Angel withdraws from reality by refusing to admit that she is the woman that he loved. You were one person; now you are another Angels departure to Brazil leaves Tess almost as a widow . Angel s physical rejection of Tess has subjected her to the cruelty of love, a victim once again she is broken both spiritually and emotionally. It is at this point in the novel that she begins to understand that her beauty is part of the cause of her destruction. In answer to this she dons her oldest field gown, covers half her face with a handkerchief, and snips off her eyebrows to keep off these casual lovers. Tess has realised that part of the victimisation she has undergone is because of her beauty, although this realisation has come too late to save her from Alecs lustful actions and Angels idealised ones. .ue1d1597d11aa3241148b9071046c276e , .ue1d1597d11aa3241148b9071046c276e .postImageUrl , .ue1d1597d11aa3241148b9071046c276e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue1d1597d11aa3241148b9071046c276e , .ue1d1597d11aa3241148b9071046c276e:hover , .ue1d1597d11aa3241148b9071046c276e:visited , .ue1d1597d11aa3241148b9071046c276e:active { border:0!important; } .ue1d1597d11aa3241148b9071046c276e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue1d1597d11aa3241148b9071046c276e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue1d1597d11aa3241148b9071046c276e:active , .ue1d1597d11aa3241148b9071046c276e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue1d1597d11aa3241148b9071046c276e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue1d1597d11aa3241148b9071046c276e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue1d1597d11aa3241148b9071046c276e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue1d1597d11aa3241148b9071046c276e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue1d1597d11aa3241148b9071046c276e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue1d1597d11aa3241148b9071046c276e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue1d1597d11aa3241148b9071046c276e .ue1d1597d11aa3241148b9071046c276e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue1d1597d11aa3241148b9071046c276e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Patriotism Essay Tess seeks shelter one night beneath some bushes to hide from a lustful man and awakens to find pheasants left half dead by a shooting party. All of these birds are writhing in agony apart from those which have been unable to bear any more and have died through the night. Tess reprimands herself for feeling self-pity; I be not mangled, and I be not bleeding and although she is not physically marred by the events that have so irrevocably altered her life , emotionally and spiritually she is exhausted. The potent tragedy of Tesss life is that her decisions have always been made with good and pure intentions but have resulted in damaging consequences. Tess is undoubtedly a victim as misery punctuates her life. She is a victim of circumstance in that her individuality makes little difference to her fate, she is a victim of society in the sense that she is a scapegoat of narrow mindedness and she is a victim of male ideology on the grounds that her powers of will and reason are undermined by her sensuality. Tess herself sums up her own blighted life best; Once a victim, always a victim thats the law!

Titled versus Entitled

Titled versus Entitled Titled versus Entitled Titled versus Entitled By Daniel Scocco Another day I was browsing around the Internet and I came across this sentence: You might want to check out this great article that I found; it is entitled â€Å"bla bla bla.† But was the article really entitled? There is a common confusion between the words titled and entitled. Titled would have been the correct adjective for that sentence. If something is â€Å"titled† it means that it received such a title, either by the author or by someone else. Entitled, on the other hand, means that a person has rights to something. If you are entitled to a house, for instance, it means that the law protects your right to own that house. Some dictionaries propose that â€Å"to entitle† can also mean â€Å"to give a title.† I have rarely seen mainstream publications back up such usage, however. Below you will find two quotations from The Economist illustrating the point. A visit to Canadas web-site where the Federal Government describes itself to the world, particularly the section titled Powers of National and Provincial Governments, as written by the late Honourable Eugene A. (The Economist) The largesse has not been restricted to poor children. Since 1998 all pre-schoolers have been entitled to some free nursery care once they turn four, and in 2004 that entitlement was extended to three-year-olds. (The Economist) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a UK Business LetterList of 50 Great Word Games for Kids and Adults10 Varieties of Syntax to Improve Your Writing

Comprtive nlysis of Mrketing Communictions strtegies nd mix for the Case Study

Comprtive nlysis of Mrketing Communictions strtegies nd mix for the Col drinks in the UK - Case Study Example From this paper it is clear that  the totÐ °l UK beverÐ °ge mÐ °rket is both lÐ °rge Ð °nd competitive. BrÐ °nds of soft drinks compete not only Ð °gÐ °inst eÐ °ch other but Ð °lso Ð °gÐ °inst other types of beverÐ °ges including coffee, milk, Ð °lcoholic beverÐ °ges, sports drinks, bottled wÐ °ter, Ð °nd vegetÐ °ble juices. The beverÐ °ge industry produces Ð °nnuÐ °lly close to 53 billion gÐ °llons, with soft drinks tÐ °king up the lÐ °rgest cÐ °tegory Ð °t 15.3 billion gÐ °llons for Ð ° 29% shÐ °re. The typicÐ °l Ð mericÐ °n consumes Ð °bout 55 gÐ °llons of soft drinks Ð °nnuÐ °lly (Ð °bout 19 ounces per dÐ °y), in compÐ °rison to 22 gÐ °llons of beer, 22 gÐ °llons of milk, Ð °nd 17 gÐ °llons of coffee.This essay highlights that CocÐ °- ColÐ ° brÐ °nds dominÐ °te the soft drink mÐ °rket with 43.7% shÐ °re Ð °nd Pepsi brÐ °nds follow with 31.6% shÐ °re. The two compÐ °nies thus creÐ °te Ð ° duopoly, controlling Ð ° vÐ °st 7 5.3% of the soft drink mÐ °rket. The third rÐ °nked compÐ °ny, CÐ °dbury Schweppes PLC, which owns 7-Up, Dr Pepper, Ð °nd UK interests for RoyÐ °l Crown ColÐ °, hÐ °s Ð ° mÐ °rket shÐ °re of 15.6%, less thÐ °n hÐ °lf thÐ °t of Pepsi. The fourth-rÐ °nked, Toronto-bÐ °sed Cott CorporÐ °tion, which produces Ð ° number of privÐ °te lÐ °bel drinks including WÐ °l-MÐ °rt's SÐ °m's Choice, is even fÐ °rther in the distÐ °nce with Ð ° 3.8% shÐ °re. Ð ll other compÐ °nies Ð °nd privÐ °te lÐ °bels, including the Double- ColÐ ° Co., Ð °re left to fight over the remÐ °ining 5.3% of the totÐ °l mÐ °rket.  CocÐ °- ColÐ °, Pepsi-ColÐ °, Ð °nd CÐ °dbury Schweppes own Ð °ll of the top-10 brÐ °nds.... The beverge industry produces nnully close to 53 billion gllons, with soft drinks tking up the lrgest ctegory t 15.3 billion gllons for 29% shre. The typicl mericn consumes bout 55 gllons of soft drinks nnully (bout 19 ounces per dy), in comprison to 22 gllons of beer, 22 gllons of milk, nd 17 gllons of coffee (Bentley 2002). ccording to Beverge Digest (2002) dt, Coc- Col brnds dominte the soft drink mrket with 43.7% shre nd Pepsi brnds follow with 31.6% shre. The two compnies thus crete duopoly, controlling vst 75.3% of the soft drink mrket. The third rnked compny, Cdbury Schweppes PLC, which owns 7-Up, Dr Pepper, nd UK interests for Royl Crown Col, hs mrket shre of 15.6%, less thn hlf tht of Pepsi. The fourth-rnked, Toronto-bsed Cott Corportion, which produces number of privte lbel drinks including Wl-Mrt's Sm's Choice, is even frther in the distnce with 3.8% shre. ll other compnies nd privte lbels, including the Double- Col Co., re left to fight over the remining 5.3% of the totl mrket. Coc- Col, Pepsi-Col, nd Cdbury Schweppes own ll of the top-10 brnds (Beverge Digest 2002). Double- Col is noticebly bsent, either s compny of brnd, from either of the most recent top-10 lists. In 1997, however, the Double- Col Co. ws rnked ninth (Beverge Digest 1998). fter Coc- Col, Pepsi-Col, nd Royl Crown Col, Double- Col hs the distinction of being the fourth-lrgest col brnd in the U.S (Beverge World 2001). Reserch methods This study is guided by three bsic reserch questions: RQ1: How does Double-Col's historicl evolution mong other soft drink brnds influence the compny's bility to compete in the current competitive environment RQ2: Wht is the mening of Double- Col brnds to consumers, nd wht role do the brnds ply in their lives RQ3:

Coping with Change at the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Coping with Change at the Workplace - Essay Example Some of the different kinds of changes that characterize most professional organizations are changes in systems, processes, and people. Resistance is a natural by-product of change and it is important to understand the various causes of resistance so as to be able to cope with it and overcome it effectively. The actual process of managing change can be divided into three phases: unfreezing change, and refreezing. First, one needs to accept the need for change and also have a desire to bring about the change. In the second phase, the actual implementation of the change can take place. In the final phase, review and reinforcement of the change takes place.Any business is characterized by change. In the course of a professional career, an individual is likely to encounter change very often. In some instances, individuals may also be called upon to predict the occurrence of change and initiate steps to deal with it. Individuals who are change-oriented are likely to gain professional succ ess and a competitive edge over their competitors. Thus a person's success at the workplace is often tied to his or her readiness to act as an agent of change.This report begins by detailing out the various kinds of change that an individual is likely to face in an organization. Resistance is an inevitable aspect of change and therefore the next section of the report highlights the reasons behind resistance to change and the steps that can be taken to overcome it. Having detailed out the types of change and the barriers to change, the next section of the report logically deals with out how change can be dealt with systematically and effectively. Understanding the Kinds of Change Change in any organization is generally triggered by certain key business drivers. So, to start with, it is important to understand the different kinds of change that one is likely to face in an organization. Some of the kinds of changes that an individual is likely to encounter are: Changes in systems Changes in processes Changes in people These different kinds of change have been detailed out below along with examples of each kind. Change in systems: This kind of change generally signals a modification in technology or products. It includes "enhancements to an existing product or the development of completely new systems" (Bal 115). A change in systems is generally made in an attempt to ensure that the "right kind of technology, systems, and machinery are in place to meet the needs of customers" (Ibid). Change in processes: This kind of change entails the way in which an organization operates to meet the needs of its customers. Here the various processes involved in getting products or services to customers are critically examined and changes are initiated to add value to every step of the process. Internal processes are aligned with the needs of customers so that there is a dramatic improvement in the overall efficiency of the organization. Process changes include both people and technology so that products are delivered more effectively and efficiently to customers. Change in people: Change in people can refer to any number of things. It may refer to a change in the management of a company as may happen in the case of mergers and acquisitions. It can also refer to providing "technical training to ensure changes in systems can be managed by operators" (Bal 115). People are the driving forces that dictate the success of an organization. While systems and processes may provide "incremental change" (Bal 116), a motivated and efficient workforce can bring about "sustained improvement" (Ibid). While processes and technologies may become obsolete after a period of

Reclassification of marijuana Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reclassification of marijuana - Research Paper Example All desirable effects of cannabis like euphoria, sense of pleasantness, more perceptive feelings and other disappear within a couple of hours after cannabis was used. Though it is a light drug and if talking medically in fact is not even a drug, it has some bad effects. These bad effects are usually of long-term and depend on the regularity of smoking cannabis and the amount of product smoked. Among negative long-term effects there are loss of concentration, slow reaction, sleepiness, inactivity and passive reaction towards the irritants of the environment which is called apathy. However these negative effects do not have somehow significantly negative influence and they appear only if cannabis is used too regularly and in huge portions. It is also clinically proved that without further using of cannabis such negative effects vanish with no trace of them. There are no inconvertible effects of cannabis and no direct damage to human organism (Goode 2007). Despite peacefulness and harmlessness of cannabis as a psychostimulant or anti-depressant its production and distribution is considered illegal in most countries. The reason of that is that cannabis is not produced by special manufacturers and cannot be taxed because of the easy ways of its cultivation. Another reason is bad influence of cannabis on the activities like driving and working. Nevertheless, cannabis is clinically proved to be a lot less harmful than alcohol or tobacco. The main advantage of legalization of marijuana for the government is an extra tax income. Also very significant is the fact that in low developed countries young people who just want to spend their time in a more interesting way will not be punished inappropriately for the keeping and using small amounts of cannabis while often such individuals are unfairly called junkies and addicts which gives them bad publicity. Progressive western countries developed a legal term â€Å"Light Drug†

George Bernard Shaws Play Pygmalion English Literature Essay

George Bernard Shaws Play Pygmalion English Literature Essay Of course, Shaws woman protagonist, Eliza Doolittle is not a statue, but an unfortunate, illiterate flower girl with a cockney accent that is preventing her from achieving a better position in her impoverished life. Because of these hindrances, Eliza is essentially non-existent in Britains unavoidable social hierarchy. However, two old gentlemen are intrigued by the idea of transforming Eliza. After observing this squashed cabbage leaf, Professor Henry Higgins, a scientist of phonetics challenges Colonel Pickering, a linguist of Indian dialects, that with his knowledge of language, he will be able to change lowly Eliza Doolittle into a woman as poised and well-spoken as a duchess and convince high society London of her status (104). For a few months, Higgins trains Eliza to tone down her sassy, candid manner and instead speak properly and act with more refinement. Following her preparation, Eliza faces two trials of her development. The first test is at Higgins mothers home where Eliza is introduced to Eynsford Hills, a mother, daughter, and son. The son is evidently convinced of her high society change when he finds himself attracted to her. Then, Elizas second trial takes place months later at an ambassadors party and is a success for Higgins. While Higgins wins his selfish bet, he grows bored with Eliza and she, in turn, does not know what to do with her newly appropriate self which results in a heated argument between the pair. As Eliza escapes to protection at Mrs. Higgins home, Mrs. Higgins scolds the men for playing with Elizas life. Finally, Eliza confronts the two men thanking Pickering for always treating her like a lady and threatening Higgins that she will go against him to work with his rival phonetician. Shaw concludes the tale with Eliza leaving as Higgins shouts out a few errands for her to run, assuming her return, but conveni ently never makes it clear whether she will or not. Throughout the play, Shaw focuses on the interesting, but defective class system in Britain that is defined by appearance and elegance of speech that same to constitute social standing. The language and morals of the characters display the backwards contrasts between the upper, middle, and lower classes. Despite Elizas dilapidated lifestyle, she is still able to retain her honor and good character, and she even frequently repeats, Im a good girl, I am (31, 34, 39, 97). This shows that she is not willing to sell her own body and sacrifice her integrity solely to slightly improve her life. Meanwhile, Henry Higgins, who is supposed to represent the upper-class with his boasted ability to replicate any sound imaginable and to place a man within any part of London demonstrates his expertise in his field, uses vulgar words, however, like bloody, devil, and damned, and treats everyone like dirt. The obvious differences in characterization confirm the problems with the class system as the hi gh moral characters who have proven self-respect and aspire to be better people are in the lower class while crude, offensive characters who were born into their rigid accents and riches are found in the high class. In act five of the play, Eliza makes an intelligent observation that her change came through how Pickerings treated her, rather than what Higgins imposed on her, when she comments that the difference between a lady and a flower girl is not how she behaves, but how shes treated (106). Her realization clearly portrays that she has transformed beyond her looks and her accent, to be able to make such a knowledgeable statement. Through Elizas revelation brought forth by her upward mobility, Shaw reveals the meaningless pretentious nonsense of Britains obsession with class structure as his underprivileged cockney character makes the most powerful statement of social behavior. This instance is a criticism of social barriers and class distinctions that are held in the Victorian era and it upholds the principle of equal opportunities of wealth and education for everyone, regardless of class and gender. Furthermore, amidst Elizas societal transformation, Shaw also touches on the issue of feminism and gender antagonism. Shaw basically suggests that even when Eliza elevates her status through her appearance and her attitude, she still has no place in society. Although she successfully pulled off her role as a high society woman, and while Higgins assumes that she can simply go her own way with all the advantages I have given her, she is not satisfied with the idea of selling herself into marriage (79). This resolution leaves Eliza terribly confused, and wishing that he left her where he found her because she was more comfortable peddling flowers on a street corner in the rain. This confusion leads up to the turning point of the play as Eliza decides to turn on her creator in Higgins to become her own person independent of his previously overwhelming influence. Shaws conclusion of not divulging to the audience what Eliza chooses to do reflects on the social problems that women were exp eriencing at the time as they were not only fighting for a place in the structure of English society, but for equality against men. Shaw was clever to administer all of Eliza and Higgins interactions in a way that Higgins was intrinsically rude and offensive while Eliza was only trying to improve her life, because it makes the audience feel badly for Eliza and make her more of a protagonist with Higgins as her antagonist. This idea further plays on the audiences emotions because it is relatable to many different issues in that people are always facing challenges in life that they have to overcome in order to succeed. It is also relatable because in real life, people are born into situations that they have to work their way out of and although in todays society, social status is not the same as it was in Victorian Britain, but that does not mean that people do not still demean others based essentially on their social standing. Everyone has been judged at one time or another and therefore Elizas experience draws on the sympathy of his audience, enough be putting itself into Elizas shoes and contemplating how you wo uld feel in her position. Additionally, Shaws decision not to marry Eliza and Higgins was made to make the ending of the story more realistic, and was an honest and agreeable conclusion. If Eliza and Higgins were to be married, their relationship would not have been a happy or mutual relationship, because Higgins has admitted that women upset everything and basically says that women and men are simply incompatible beings (39). If Eliza married Higgins, her new education would have been wasted, thus defeating the purpose of having Higgins educate Eliza, as he would only be expecting her to run errands and make appearances rather than do something with her life. And the two getting married would also have left the audience unsure whether Eliza had truly developed independence, but because the ending is ambiguous, no one can be sure of Elizas true destiny. Shaw chooses to close the play just before any wedding were to occur, to make the audience think about what should happen, rather than what he tells them will happen. First published in 1913. Republished in 2008 by Forgotten Books. ISBN-10: 1595475001 $21.00

Courage in Pat Barkers Regeneration Essay -- Pat Barker Regeneration

Courage in Pat Barker's Regeneration During the Vietnam War, many Americans decided to choose conscientious objector status and serve the war effort in non-combative ways; others moved to Canada, leaving their families, their communities, and their nation because of strong political convictions. While some said these people were cowards and a disgrace to their families and their nation, others argued that those had just as much courage as the men on the front lines. Although moving to Canada was far less difficult than being sent to Vietnam, these Draft Dodgers proved they had courage to stand up for what they believed in. On pages eight and twenty-two of Pat Barker's Regeneration, two very highly esteemed awards are introduced, the Military Cross (MC) and the Victoria Cross (VC). The protagonist of this novel, Siegfried Sassoon, responds to his military honors by demonstrating two kinds of courage, one lauded by his government and popular opinion and one misunderstood and disdained by his society. Though Barker's novel presents these two types, she ultimately values courage of personal conviction. Not only does Sassoon exert this courage of personal conviction by writing a letter to his commanding officer, but also by throwing away one of the prestigious medals. The Military Cross (MC) Award was instituted December 28, 1915. The award is presented to officers of the rank of Captain or below, for "distinguished and meritorious services in battle" (Brew). Most often meritorious services in battle means crossing enemy lines and running through enemy trenches in order to save men of the officer's battalion. This award is ranked as one of the highest honors possible for an officer to attain, and is "clearly for gallant and dis... ...how they were perceived by different individuals in Regeneration, two different types of courage are seen: one that was applauded by the government and public opinion, and one that was misunderstood by Sassoon's society. It takes personal conviction exhibited through courageous acts to live with yourself in the face of a worldview at odds with your own. Works Cited Barker, Pat. Regeneration. New York: Plume, 1993. Brew, Steve. "Gallantry Medals Awarded to 41 Squadron Pilots." World War One. 2003. Veterans Affairs of Canada. 20 Apr. 2004 <http://brew.clients.ch/Medals41.htm>. Chapman, Mike. "Victoria Cross Facts." British Gallantry Awards. 1981. PE Abbott, JMA Tamplin. 19 Apr. 2004 <http://www.victoriacross.net/medal.asp>. Duffy, Michael. "Military Cross." First World War.Com. 2000-2004. 19 Apr. 2004 <http://www.firstworldwar.com/atoz/mc.htm>.

Harrison Bergeron Essay

In the short story, â€Å"Harrison Bergeron†, Kurt Vonnegut portrays a society in which â€Å"everyone is equal†. Through the efforts of the Handicapper General, all persons who were endowed with anything more than moderate talents are forced to wear various devices meant to make everyone equal, intellectually and physically. Through showing his audience what a truly â€Å"equal† society could be, as well as how government could regulate equality, Kurt Vonnegut clearly makes the point that truly equality leads to a loss of true individuality within a society. Each person in society has talents that another does not, which is what creates diversity in our communities and careers. By removing this diversity from society by making every person equal, the government is inviting its own demise. The first example of how idealistic equality creates a lack of individuality is in the scene where George and Hazel Bergeron are watching ballerinas on television. George notes, â€Å"They weren’t really very good – no better than anybody else would have been, anyway†. By leveling the playing field, and forcing ballerinas to wear weights and masks to hide their talent and beauty, the Handicapper General has taken away from the dancers their unique talents for dancing and eliminating any competition between ballerinas. If all dancers must be equal, this eliminates the need for any one ballerina to spend extra time practicing, or trying to be a better ballerina. This, in turn, could create a less than desirable work ethic, as the ballerinas do not have to work as hard to be competitive. As Philip Fetzer explains, â€Å"†¦ even if it were possible to create a society based on equality of ability, it would not be desirable to do so. A society without differences of ability would generate no leaders, no great works of art or literature, no new ideas. The society would quickly stagnate†. The second instance in which Vonnegut shows his readers the impact of an equal society is when George and Hazel are talking about what society would be like without handicaps to make everyone equal. George cannot think for more than a few seconds at a time because of the handicap that he must wear in his ear, to distract him from his thoughts by blaring loud noises at random. All people who have above â€Å"average† intelligence are required to wear such a device to eliminate any unfair intellectual advantage over others. However, by scaring off the thoughts of truly intelligent people, the government is also creating a society in which nothing will ever change. Without the truly intelligent men and women in any society, there are no new inventions or new ideas that, in the past, have revolutionized a society. By making all people intellectually equal, the government and the society itself will remain unchanged and unadvanced. Ironically, George believes that without handicaps to keep everyone equal, â€Å"pretty soon we’d be right back to the dark ages again, with everybody competing against everybody else†. However, without competition, society would revert to the dark ages, unable to compete with other societies and develop new technology and innovation. As Christopher Alexion points out, human beings must be careful with creating equality, because of the risk of taking it â€Å"to extremes that eventually destroy whatever it was we were trying to protect. That’s why our efforts toward equality need vitally to be guided by a love of liberty. Naked equality is just another name for tyranny – for if everyone’s going to be equal in all aspects, then no one can really be free†. The final example of the effect of a truly equal society occurs when Harrison Bergeron appears on television with all of his clanking weights and extreme handicaps. Harrison is athletic and intelligent, and has an obscene amount of handicaps because of this. Harrison attempts to overthrow the government, by declaring himself â€Å"the Emperor†, and removing all of his handicaps, as well as those of his chosen Empress. By having independent thoughts and beliefs, Harrison leads his own revolution in an attempt to change society for the better. Harrison sees that the constant equality means that people are no longer competitive, and he decides to try to change that. However, he is killed by the government in the process, and any dreams of change die with him. As Steven Saus notes, â€Å"The maximization of human potential – and the potential of society – can only be achieved by allowing all individuals to have the best opportunity to succeed within the limits of their primary characteristics†. Any person who has new ideas or tries to initiate change within an equal society would be met with the same fate, and consequently, nothing would ever change. By creating a society in which every person is equal, Kurt Vonnegut is able to show his readers how devastating to a society equality could be. At a time when political correctness is a must, and society strives for equality, it is easy to see how true equality could lead to a lack of diversity and competition within a society. Although Vonnegut’s society was a fictional one, a society similar to the one in â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† would become a stagnant and unmotivated environment, falling behind in innovation and invention. Ultimately, the equality in this story will lead to the demise of the society.

World War 1 - A Short Timeline of 1915

World War 1 - A Short Timeline of 1915 Germany now plotted a change of tactic, fighting defensively in the West and trying to defeat Russia in the east quickly by attacking, while the Allies aimed to break through on their respective fronts. Meanwhile, Serbia came under increased pressure and Britain planned to attack Turkey. January 8: Germany forms a southern army to support the faltering Austrians. Germany would have to send ever more troops to prop up what became a puppet regime. January 19: First German Zeppelin raid on British mainland. January 31: The first use of poison gas in WW1, by Germany at Bolimow in Poland. This ushers in a terrible new era in warfare, and soon the allied nations join in with their own gas. February 4: Germany declares submarine blockade of Britain, with all approaching ships considered targets. This is the start of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare. When this is restarted later in the war it causes Germany to lose. February 7 - 21: Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes, no gains. (EF) March 11: The Reprisals Order, in which Britain banned all neutral parties from trading with Germany. As Germany was suffering a naval blockade by Britain this became a serious issue. The US was supposedly neutral, but couldnt get supplies to Germany if it had wanted to. (It didnt.) March 11 - 13 : Battle of Neuve-Chapelle. (WF) March 18: Allied ships attempt to bombard areas of the Dardanelles, but their failure causes the development of an invasion plan. April 22 - May 25: Second Battle of Ypres (WF); BEF casualties are triple those of Germans. April 25: The Allied ground assault begins in Gallipoli. (SF) The plan has been rushed, the equipment is poor, commanders who would later prove themselves act badly. It is a colossal mistake. April 26: The Treaty of London is signed, in which Italy joins the Entente. They have a secret agreement which gives them land in a victory. April 22: Poison Gas is first used on the Western Front, in a German attack on Canadian troops at Ypres. May 2-13: Battle of Gorlice-Tarnow, in which the Germans push Russia back. May 7: The Lusitania is sunk by a German submarine; casualties include 124 Americans passengers. This inflames US opinion against Germany and submarine warfare. June 23 - July 8: First Battle of Isonzo, an Italian offensive against fortified Austrian positi ons along a 50-mile front. Italy makes ten more attacks between 1915 and 1917 in the same place (The Second - Eleventh Battles of Isonzo) for no real gains. (IF) July 13-15: The German Triple Offensive begins, aiming to destroy the Russian army. July 22: The Great Retreat (2) is ordered - Russian forces pull back out of Poland (currently part of Russia), taking machinery and equipment with them. September 1: After American outrage, Germany officially stops sinking passenger vessels without warning. September 5: Tsar Nicholas II makes himself Russian Commander-in-Chief. This directly leads to him being blamed for failure and the collapse of the Russian monarchy. September 12: After the failure of the Austrian Black Yellow offensive (EF), Germany takes over ultimate control of Austro-Hungarian forces. September 21 - November 6: Allied offensive leads to Battles of Champagne, Second Artois and Loos; no gains. (WF) November 23: German, Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian forces push the Serbian army into exile; Serbia falls. December 10: The Allies begin slowly withdrawing from Gallipoli; they complete by January 9 1916. The landing has been a total failure, costing a huge number of lives. December 18: Douglas Haig appointed British Commander-in-Chief; he replaces John French. December 20th: In The Falkenhayn Memorandum, the Central Powers propose to bleed the French White through a war of attrition. The key is using Verdun Fortress as a French meat grinder. Despite attacking on the Western Front, Britain and France make few gains; they also incur hundreds of thousands more casualties than their enemy. The Gallipoli landings also fail, causing the resignation of a certain Winston Churchill from British government. Meanwhile, the Central Powers achieve what looks like success in the East, pushing the Russians back into Belorussia...but this had happened before - against Napoleon - and would happen again, against Hitler. Russias manpower, manufacturing and army remained strong, but casualties had been huge. Next page 1916 Page 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Suicide The Right to Die essays

Suicide The Right to Die essays The Right to Die, Physician-Assisted Suicide " I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody if asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to this effect" The Hippocratic Oath Physician-Assisted suicide is one of the most controversial issues in our society today. During the 1990's, assisted suicide has become the subject of public debate and legislative action across the nation. Even the U.S Supreme Court has been involved in critical decisions involving the legalization of Physician-assisted suicide. These matters call into question the ethical standards and legal bases for all Doctors and Health Care Providers. The American Heritage Dictionary defines euthanasia as "the act of killing an individual for reasons considered to be merciful". Killing in this case is a physical action where one individual actively kills another. The word "euthanasia" comes from the Greek eu, "good" and thanatos, "death" or "good death". Doctor assisted-suicide can be considered auto-euthanasia. The Doctor provides the means for a patient to take their own life painlessly but does not actively or physically help that person die. Doctor assisted suicide is nothing new to society, dating back to the time Socrates 470-399 BC. With the interventions of Jack Kevorkian M.D., being played out in the media and in the courts, Doctor assisted suicide has become the focus of intense public and professional debate. Most of this attention is focused right here in Michigan because of Dr. Jack Kevorkian AKA, "Doctor Death". Doctor Kevorkian has assisted in over one hundred assisted suicides. There are many arguments for and against assisted suicide. Points for and against this practice encompass legal, ethical, religious and medical arguments. They are very complex and lengthy. Listed are just a few simplified issues from both sides of the debate. A person should have control over one's own body. This is a fundamental right, and individual...

Supply Chain Management Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Supply Chain Management Plan - Essay Example demand sides which necessitate the importance of capturing the information on demand closer to the source and the supply sides that lessen the reliance on projected data and becoming more agile on real facts Integrated supply chain management: This center will be a key foundation for the analytics on segmentation and monitoring policies that are deployed to certain market segments. They will also offer a foundation for the continuous assessment of the market. Major factors in the company will be construed to same functionality (Bolstorff& Rosenbaum, 2012). Automation of policy management: it is imperative for the company to discard the old methods whereby a manual analysis of a particular market segment was done. An automatic policy will heighten the success of the segmentation plan since it follows a given protocol. Differentiated supplier and customer replenishments: different customers and suppliers have different relationships based on the required service and the volume of profitability of that specific customer. Hence it is important to address each customer or supplier according to their preferences. This will give an organization an upper hand in the

Critically evaluate the concept of bureaucracy as an effective system Essay

Critically evaluate the concept of bureaucracy as an effective system of organization - Essay Example Problem of red tape is often related with the term Bureaucracy. Effectiveness of bureaucratic management may be analyzed on the basis of how a formal organization relies on promptly defined hierarchical levels and different specific roles to maintain effectiveness and efficiency. It is being noticed that often bureaucracy is criticized for its inflexibility, complexity and inefficiency. Over the years, experts like Max Weber have strongly argued the importance of bureaucracy. Bureaucracy is the most effective way through activities of human being can be organized within any organization. The presence of bureaucracy is there in every organization but degree of bureaucracy differs from one organization to other. This essay will critically evaluate the concept of bureaucracy as an important and effective system of the organizations. In the course of this essay different theories of bureaucracy will be discussed. This essay will help to understand the deep rooted interrelationship betwee n bureaucracy and effectiveness of the organizations. This will be a step by step approach. The first name that comes to mind about the bureaucracy theory is German sociologist Max Weber. According to the theory of Weber, bureaucracy contains some characteristics. Those characteristics are very important for the effective system of organization. Those characteristics are Hierarchy, Specialization, Division of labour and Standard operating procedures. A hierarchy is a system with well defined span of command. This characteristic states that everyone has a boss in an organization. According to the theory the boss of organization supervises entire system. The power flows from the top management through the trickle down hypothesis (Durant, 2010). According to this theory subordinate follows the orders of superiors and can appeal against those orders. As per this theory bureaucrats are specialized persons for some specific areas of works. This provides

Animation Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Animation Critique - Essay Example Animation is a form of art in which a world of an energetic picture and sound may be incorporated entirely out of nothing except for an idea. The world of animation started emerging in the eyes of the general public before 1910. During the early days of animation, it was thought to be as labor intensive as many numerous drawings and paintings had to be made just to make a short few minute film. It took too many men and too much time just to make short films and was very hard as replicas of the same drawing had to be produced to bring in the motion effect in them. A very famous example of such hard work is of Winsor McCay. He was and still is known as the father of animated cartoons. MacCay was a fine hard working man and used to make his animations by himself alone. He did not use to ask for the help of the others and used to animate his films nearly single handedly by himself, from the foundation to the completion each cartoon was made by him and him alone (Crandol, n.pag) McCay was a fine animator and took his time to make his animations appear distinctive creative perspectives. He sometimes used to spend more than one year just to complete a five minute cartoon animation. This time duration was too long for the expanding viewers of the cinema world and thus the modern studios of animation came in to being. Walt Disney was the first animator in the whole world who added the effect of sound in his animations of Steamboat Willie in 1928. Later computerization changed the whole view of this industry. Toy Story that was released in 1995 was the first animated movie that was completely made on computers and this was done by the cooperation of Pixar Animation Studio and Walt Disney Animation Production (The Significance of Animation, n.pag). The production started at 1993 and the movie was released in November 1995 The movie was a hit

Lan-Base Attendance Monitoring and Payroll System Essay Example for Free

Lan-Base Attendance Monitoring and Payroll System Essay 1.1 Introduction Modernization changed our lifestyle. Technology improves us to spend time and spaces in remarkable ways. Due to rapid technological changes new things to produce better way of doing things through the help of technology. In our present life style people find way to improve their living day by day .This improvement was obviously seen in our modern technology, such modern machine, improvised gadgets, robotics and the most popular and widely influential is the modern computer. Modern computer helps people to lessen their work in such particular field of industry, particularly for those activities that requires computation storage of information presentation security and many uses of system software by the company, organization and in some aspect of educational areas. One of these changes is through the use of LAN-Based Attendance Monitoring and Payroll System of Caltex Gasoline Station which is programmed automatically set the time and date employees log; so that the office assistant monitors the record and liable easily access the payments of the employees. In the field of Information technology the knowledge in creating a LAN-Based Attendance Monitoring and Payroll System of the employees are one of the most important parts to keep a certain business stable also includes the monitoring of the employees and the payroll. The Owner can’t assure that his employee is arriving on time in Gasoline Station and he can’t also assure if the computation of the payroll is correct and accurate. 1.2.1 Background of the Study The Caltex Techron Balite Merchandise started as a Federal Gasoline station in 2007. After three years Federal Gasoline Station experienced bankrupt because of the competition in other gasoline station. The owner of Federal Gasoline Station decided to sell the property of Federal Gasoline Station to Mr. Danny Reobeca to recover his investment. In the year 2010 September 19, the Caltex Techron merchandising established in Barangay Balite. They started with sixteen (16) employees including (1) one manager, (1) one secretary, (2) two cashiers, and (12) twelve gasoline boys. Nowadays, the Caltex Techron Merchandising has (4) four Gasoline Machines, (3) three Gasoline Tanker, (1) one storage room and (1) one office room. Caltex Techron Merchandising have now (33) thirty three employees including (1) one manager as the owner, (3) three office assistant, (3) three cashier, (2) two guards and (24) twenty four gasoline boys. The operation is 24 hours and has three shifting for gasoline boy and cashiers. First shift (6:00am-3:00pm), second shift (12:00pm-9:00pm), third shift(9:00pm-6:00am), (2) two shifting for the security guard, First shift (6:00am-6:00pm) and second shift (6:00pm-6:00am) while the manager and office assistant work 8 hours start 8:00am to 4:00pm. The facilities of the Caltex Techron Merchandising are complete but proponents found out (2) problem. First, the attendance monitoring of the employee is manual like the traditional. Second, the exact computation of payroll of the employee is manual computation. They have an office assistant in the office room to manage the attendance monitoring and payroll of the employees. 1.2 Statement of the problem 1.2.1 General Problem The Manual attendance and payroll of the employees in Caltex Techron resulting lack of accuracy and security in terms of records. The main problem of manual system is very hard to retrieve information of the employees. 1.2.2 Specific Problem The Caltex Techron Merchandising has also some specific problem as they follow: * Manual recording of the time-in and time-out of the employees. * Using the manual computation of payroll. * Inaccurate employee’s attendance due to manual operation of time keeping. * Unorganized records because of many records that must be filed. 1.3 Objective 1.3.1 General Objective The Proponents aims to develop a LAN-Based Attendance Monitoring and Payroll System that will improve their service in terms of attendance monitoring and payroll of the employee. 1.3.2 Specific objectives * To develop a system that enable to search records easier and faster. * To avoid changing of time that they log. * To develop a system that will monitor the daily time record of employee. * To upgrade and standard the process of computing salaries of employees accurately. * To establish a system that will register the time-in and time-out of employees. * To prevent loosen and break down of the records and files. * To make automated the computation of the salaries of the employees. 1.4 Scope and Limitation The Proponents aims to develop a LAN-Based Attendance Monitoring and Payroll System of the employee for the improvement of Caltex Techron Merchandising. The File maintenance can easily add, search, delete, and update records, with the use of this system. 1.4.1 Scope * Computerize the Attendance of the employee. * Automated computation of salaries. * It gives accurate time and date of the employee’s log. * LAN-based System. * The administrator only has the authority to access the records of the employees. 1.4.2 Limitation * Records only the time and date of log-in and log-out of the employee but it can’t identify who are the real employees. * The LAN-Based Attendance Monitoring and Payroll System embedded only to Caltex Techron. 1.5 Significance of Study This study not only to develop a software system, It also aims to do specific task in a short period of time. Administrator/Manager: * It will help them in terms of less spending space and time. It will help them. Office Assistant: * It will be easy for them to monitor the attendance of the employee and to lessen their work. Employee: * It will be easier to get their salary because of the automatic computation. 1.6 Definition of Terms 1. Automated To operate by automation. 2. Merchandising Sales promotion has a comprehensive function including market research, development of new products. 3. Monitoring A device for observing a biological condition or function. 4. Payroll The sum necessary for distribution to those on a payroll also the money to be distributed. 5. Salary Fixed comprehension paid regularly for devices 6. Technology A capability given by the practical application knowledge. 7. Embedded Fix to the business company. 8. LAN-Based the system is running by group of personal computer and associated equipment that are linked by cable, office building and that share a communications line. 9. Manual work by hand, involving the skills and hard word of hand. 10. Traditional – from generation to generation,† Old style†.

An Analysis Of Mahatma Gandhi

An Analysis Of Mahatma Gandhi Gandhi (1982) directed by Richard Attenborough and starring Ben Kingsley in the title role, won 9 Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Screenplay and Best Cinematography. The movie opens with the assassination of Gandhi. It depicts the journey of Mahatma Gandhi from sole colored practicing advocate in South Africa, who was thrown out of a train at Pietermaritzburg on his refusal to shift to third class coach while holding a valid first class ticket to the leader of community who used the principles of non-violent resistance on behalf of Indian immigrants to his relocation to his mother land, India and inspiring millions of fellow citizens by his charismatic leadership skills. The movie also portrays his individuality and relationships with his family, close-associates, friends and leaders of Indian Congress Party. Additionally, the principles followed by Gandhi are represented fairly with right blend of external factors including the British policies, his extensive travels, poverty prevalent in rural India and his conviction to remove discrimination issues, which affected his decisions, outlook and strategies adopted together with the building of his Ashram, taking up fasting and standing firm on his principles of non-co-operation and non-violence. The tag line of this movie: His triumph changed the world forever is absolutely true. WHo was gandhi? Mr. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, bestowed with the title of Mahatma: Great soul (a honorary title first used by Rabindranath Tagore), lovingly called Bapu: father, used by his followers, is the Father of nation of India. This expression was first used for Gandhi by Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose in his condolence message on the demise of Kasturba Gandhi, wife of Mahatma Gandhi in the year 1944. Gandhinot only raised his voice for Swaraj (home rule for India) and taught his countrymen to fight without any arms or ammunition against the British Empire, but led the world to believe and still follow his principles of truth and non-violence. Gandhi was a qualified Barrister, studied law in University College of London, lead a simple life with his wife, Kasturbai Makhanji and four sons, Harilal, Manilal, Ramdas and Devdas. Though a Hindu by birth, he believed in spirituality and not strict adherence to religious beliefs. The dialogue from the movie Gandhi clearly reveals the same: I am a Muslim and a Hindu and a Christian and a Jew and so are all of you. It is easier to explain the austerity of this great leader by borrowing the condolences of Edward R. Murrow: ..Mahatma Gandhi was not a commander of great armies nor ruler of vast lands, he could boast no scientific achievements, no artistic gift. Yet men, governments and dignitaries from all over the world have joined hands today to pay homage to this little brown man in the loincloth who led his country to freedom (Dialogue from the movie Gandhi (1982), directed by Richard Attenborough) Guiding Principles and followers Gandhi followed 11 vows throughout his life, which are described in his various writings. These vows are: Ahimsa: non-violence, Satya: truth, Asteya: non-stealing, Brahmacharya: self discipline, Aparigraha: non-possession, Sharirshrama: bread labor, Aswada: control of the palate, Sarvatra Bhayavarjana: fearlessness, Sarva Dharma Samantva: equality of all religions, Swadeshi: use of only locally made goods and Sparshbhavna: removal of untouchability. (Source:http://www.gandhimanibhavan.org/gandhiphilosophy/philosophy_11vows.htm) The Time Magazine in December, 1999 edition named The 14th Dalai Lama, Lech WaÅ‚Äâ„ ¢sa, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Cesar Chavez, Aung San Suu Kyi, Benigno Aquino, Jr., Desmond Tutu and Nelson Mandela as Children of Gandhi and his spiritual heirs to non-violence. (Source:http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,993026,00.html) His journey was from a briefless barrister (a term used to ridicule him by his fellow legal practitioners, as expressed by Eknath Easwaram) in Bombay to the half naked Indian fakir (as referred by Winston Churchill in his speech in 1930) to the champion of the cause of non-violence and equality. This passage was full of thorns in the form of assorted problems faced by him as well as roses as the numerous followers. Innumerable writers and leaders world-over have expressed diverse opinion about the greatest spiritual and political leader of India. Whether people follow the principles of Gandhi or they loathe him, his immense work cannot be ignored. In the words of Martin Luther King Jr. in the year 1955: Christ gave us the goals and Mahatma Gandhi the tactics. (Source: Life Magazine: Remembering Martin Luther King Jr. 40 Years Later, 2008) Leadership Qualities and styles A leader is a person who influences a group of people towards the achievement of a goal. A leader is an individual who first performs and then, leads his followers by example, so that they are motivated to follow him. He must have an innate commitment to a goal and strive to achieve it even if others do not follow him. As defined by Eric Hoffer, the leader has to be practical and realist, yet he must talk the language of visionary and idealist. (Source: http://www.vtaide.com/gleanings/leader.htm) The dictionary meaning of the term leadership is the capacity to lead others; an act or instance of guiding. Leadership is a process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task as defined by Chemers. There are diverse opinions and theories regarding definitions and classifications of leadership styles. Nevertheless, in the words of Vance Packard Leadership appears to be the art of getting others to want to do something you are convinced should be done. (Source: http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leadstl.html) Viscount Slim listed the traits of leadership as courage, will power, judgment, flexibility, knowledge and integrity. In the words of Hill, characteristics of leader include self-confidence, morale qualities, self-sacrifice, paternalism, decisiveness, dignity, tolerance, enthusiasm, knowledge of man. In the light of these expressions, Gandhi was a true leader, who planned and performed the tasks, led by example, had strong conviction to achieve the goal and motivated his followers. The strength and character of Mahatma Gandhi is clear in his own words as: You can chain me, you can torture me, you can even destroy this body but you will never imprison my mind. Kenneth Benne and Paul Sheats (1948) defined 26 different group roles that can be played by one or more persons within a group, which were categorised as: task roles, personal or social roles and dysfunctional or individualistic roles. According to these roles, in the group task roles, an individual may be initiator, coordinator, evaluator, critic, orienter or recorder. (Source: http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMM_85.htm) Kurt Lewin led a group of researchers to identify different styles of leadership and established three major styles of leadership as: authoritarian or autocratic; participative or democratic and delegative or laissez-faire. (Source:http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leadstl.html) Participative leader: Gandhi definitely was a participative or democratic leader, who involved the whole team in planning and goal setting, problem solving and emphasised team building; on the other hand, he retained his decision making authority that could not be challenged. Rather than deciding in an autocratic manner, he involved other people in the process, including his subordinates, peers, superiors and other stakeholders. Since the political situation then, was dynamic and changing frequently, the required democratic leadership flowed from Gandhi. He brought out the best of experience and skill from the fellow Congress leaders, seniors and followers. He had a strong conviction with right blend of flexibility and chose appropriate approach to be followed. The communication channels used were open and transparent; and in case of any changes, the strategy was explained unambiguously. Theories of leadership Various theories have been propounded on the concept of leadership based on varied attributes of a leader including traits, situational interactions, function, behavior, power, vision, values, charisma, ethics and intelligence among others. The following theories are relevant in describing leadership characteristics of Gandhi as explored in the movie: Charismatic leadership Transformational leadership Servant leadership Authentic and Ethical leadership Ideal leadership Follower-centric leadership Charismatic Leader: According to the trait approach, the leadership style is affected and influenced by the individual characteristics and traits of leader. German sociologist, Max Weber distinguished three ideal types of legitimate political leadership, domination and authority: charismatic (familial and religious), feudal or traditional (patriarchs or patrimonalism) and legal (modern law and state). Weber (1947) defined charismatic leadership as resting on devotion to the exceptional sanctity, heroism or exemplary character of an individual person, and of the normative patterns or order revealed or ordained by him. He defined the term charisma as a certain quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which he is set apart from ordinary men and treated as endowed with supernatural or exceptional powers or qualities, which are not accessible to an ordinary person, but of divine origin or exemplary. He further added that a charismatic leader has remarkable ability to distill complex ideas into simple messages and communicates by using symbols, analogies, metaphors and stories. Such a leader relishes risk and is an optimist, who rebels conventions. Robert House (1977) used four phrases to define charismatic leadership: dominant, strong desire to influence others, self-confident and strong sense of ones own moral values. (Source: http://www.12manage.com/methods_weber_charismatic_leadership.html) Gandhi is the best example of a charismatic leader. It was only his divine charisma that helped him fight on behalf of the Indian community in South Africa employing his principle of non-violence and wage a war against the British Empire for Indian independence. (Source: http://www.12manage.com/methods_weber_charismatic_leadership.html) Transformational Leadership: Bass (1985) extended the theory of charismatic leadership to the theory of transformational leadership, where a leader is able to inspire and activate subordinates to perform beyond expectations and to achieve goals beyond those normally set. Transformational leadership as defined by Burns (1978), is the process of motivating the team by leader to be effective and efficient and engaging their commitments in the context of the shared values and shared vision. It involves relationship of mutual trust between the leaders and the followers. (Source: http://psychology.about.com/od/leadership/a/transformational.htm) Gandhi beyond doubt was a transformational leader. He utilised his communication skills for facilitating and focusing his peers and followers on the final desired outcome or goal attainment. In consonance with Burns analysis, Gandhi was highly visible and used chain of command. He focused on the ideal vision of Swaraj and was surrounded by numerous other leaders who were responsible and accountable for interim milestones leading to attaining the target. All the four elements of a transformational leader were evident in Gandhis leadership: individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation and idealized influence. He attempted to attend to his followers individual needs, acting as their mentor and addressing their concerns. He unconditionally supported his followers and respected their individual contributions. The followers also had aspirations for self development and were motivated towards accomplishing their responsibilities. He was never averse to taking risks and was open to nurturing associates and followers. He articulated a common vision which inspired his followers, peers and other contemporary leaders. His inspirational motivation and high standards challenged his followers. Also, followers had a strong sense of purpose and responded positively acting towards the attainment of goal. The visionary outlook of Gandhi was supported by his communication skills and conviction, which resulted in mak ing it precise and powerful. He instilled pride in his followers gaining their respect and trust enabling him to obtain their additional efforts. Servant leadership: Robert Greenleaf (1977) described that a servant-leader is a servant first. He elucidates that the servant-leadership begins with a natural feeling that leader as an individual wishes to serve, which is followed by a conscious choice to aspire to lead. Gandhi, the quintessential servant-leader describes his own motivation to serve as: service to the poor has been my hearts desire and it has always thrown me amongst the poor and enabled me to identify myself with them. (Source:http://www.lifepositive.com/Mind/Ethics/Servant_Leadership_stooping_to_conquer22004.asp) Spears (2002) lists qualities of servant-leader as: listening, empathy, healing, awareness, persuasion, conceptualization, foresight, stewardship, commitment to growth of people and building community. (Source:http://changingminds.org/disciplines/leadership/styles/servant_leadership.htm) Gandhis desire to serve a cause and adhere to his principles was evident in South Africa. His mission to serve humanity began with his concern for the equal treatment of Indians, followed by raising his voice against the Bill, which was sought to deprive Indians of their freedom. First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win.: These words of Gandhi echo his persuasiveness and precision. Authentic and Ethical Leadership: In wake of financial, ethical and societal crises, people have begun clamor for authentic leadership. It is defined by Walumbwa as a pattern of leader behaviour that draws upon and promotes both positive psychological capacities and a positive ethical climate fostering positive self-development. The traits of authentic leadership embraces self-awareness of a leader, relational transparency, balanced processing of information and internalized moral perspective. (Source:http://johnmolson.concordia.ca/images/stories/graduate_prog/msc/docs/msc-agre/briand_melanie.pdf) Luthans and Avolio define authentic leadership as a process that draws from both positive psychological capabilities and a highly developed organizational context, which results in both greater self-awareness and self-regulated positive behaviors on the part of both leaders and associates, fostering positive self development. Authentic leaders inspire others by modeling positive organizational states of confidence, hope, optimism, and resiliency. By responding transparently to moral dilemmas, authentic leaders become ethical role models. Thus, authentic leadership is an umbrella that comprises of ethical leadership as well. (Source:http://leadershipskills.org.au/interpersonal-leadership/authentic-leadership-explained/) In the words of Gandhi: Everyone who wills can hear the inner voice. It is within everyone. He demonstrated characteristics of an authentic leader by being committed to truth. He knew himself well and was absolutely clear about his ideals and values. He illustrated self-discipline. Even in the movie, the dialogues between Ba, Mirabehn and Margaret Bourke-White, evidence that he strictly professed celibacy. Gandhi was extremely compassionate and genuine. Even during one of his train journeys, he releases his head cloth to a poor woman, across the river, who apparently was not wearing any proper clothing. Being an authentic leader of course, emanates from his rich experience and commitment towards serving humanity. Good leadership refers not only to the competence of leader to lead his followers to perform a task, but his responsibility for ensuring standards of moral and ethical conduct and in transforming people. Ethical leadership combines ethical decision-making and ethical behavior. Key responsibility of a leader is to make ethical decisions and behave in ethical ways and to ensure that his followers understand and practice the ethical code. (Source: http://studentorgs.unomaha.edu/documents/EthicalLeadership.pdf) An ethical leader must emphasis and reiterates the statements about importance of ethics. He must disseminate ethical guidelines to his followers. Gandhi, indeed is considered one of the most ethical leaders. He modeled his ethical behavior and set a visible example for others to follow. He set rules for himself and also, his followers as regards the dos and donts of moral behavior. This code was followed religiously by him. He criticised all unethical behavior and in case of any such unethical act by his followers, he went on to fasting as a penance. Gandhi considered that Always aim at complete harmony of thought and word and deed. Ideal leadership: Ideal leadership or Inter-Disciplinary leadership is a scientific leadership theory propounded by Larry Stout (2001), which identifies six critical capabilities that are grouped under leadership capital and four capacities under leadership conditions. The six critical leadership capital capacities are vision, values, wisdom, courage, trust and voice to influence followers. The four vital leadership conditions vital for these capacities are place where the leader can hold sway, period that calls for his or her leadership, position that conveys leadership authority, and people who are ready for leadership. (Source: http://www.az-encyclopedia.info/i/1329282_Ideal_leadership/) This theory states that leader is one who leads his organization forward in a positive direction. The conditions determine who gets to be a leader in the first place a person must be in the right place, at the right time, doing the right things, with the right people in order to have an opportunity to lead. (Source: http://www.idealleadership.com/talking_about_leadership) His positive thoughts are amply clear from Gandhis words: An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind. Follower-centric leadership: Gandhis relation with his followers can be classified into the approach of being follower-centric. In accordance with this approach, it is pertinent that the leadership is focused on followers, and not on the leader. The leader should give attention to his followers and make them feel proud on being part of the team. In the words of Warren Bennis: Good leaders make people feel that they are at the very heart of things, not at the periphery. The follower-centric approach to leadership emphasises the information processing aspect in leadership dyads. (Source: http://learningleaders.blogspot.com/2007/12/being-follower-centric.html) Meindl propounded this theory on the argument that it is the followers rather than the leaders who construct both the phenomenon of leadership and the images of specific leaders. Gandhi followed and advocated strategies that were dependent on circumstances and his followers. For instance, when he was in South Africa, he launched his protests in a suit and a tie, whereas, when he came back to India, he dressed only in Indian self-made clothing Khadi and launched non-violent protests on an immense scale. (Source: http://www.rediff.com/money/2003/apr/11spec2.htm) Contemporary Leaders OF GANDHI There were several leaders of that era, who were contemporaries of Gandhi, including the members of Indian National Congress, striving for independence. Jawahar Lal Nehru, Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, Maulana Azad, Bhagat Singh, Chander Shekhar, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of Muslim league, to name a few. In the movie, Muhammad Ali Jinnah is depicted as one of the strong leaders, who even went to the extent of defying Gandhi. Jinnah demanded for a new Muslim nation named Pakistan. This was completely against the principles and philosophies of Gandhi. Jinnah is officially known as Quaid-i-Azam (Father of nation) in Pakistan. He advocated two nation theory, which was opposed to Mahatmas ideology of United India. As depicted in the movie, there were several instances where Gandhi interacted with Jinnah. First encounter of Gandhi with Jinnah was in Patels Garden. They subsequently met during a meeting for demanding Home rule for India, later at Jinnahs residence at Bombay and on various other occasions. Muhammad Ali Jinnah studied law, which led him to start thinking about Indian freedom through constitutional methods and Hindu-Muslim Unity. Jinnah was the leader of Muslim community of India. The leadership style adopted by Jinnah was authoritarian and charismatic. His charismatic style helped him to gain confidence, acceptance and support from Muslims, consequently, obeying his orders. His leadership style is very well depicted in the movie during his talks demanding Home rule for India and the immediate response and enthusiasm among public. His authoritative style of leadership kept the party together where he held decision making power and exercised complete control over his follower. On comparing, leadership styles of Jinnah and Gandhi, it is evident that Gandhi was accepted among different sections of Indian society and across all castes and religions (including Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs and others). On the other hand, the popularity and acceptance of Jinnah was limited to only one community. Mahatma Gandhis ethics, authenticness and ideal leadership made him the leader of masses. analysis of followers According to Hill, leadership is product of projection and transference process of followers. The followers play a significant role in constructing leadership. They have cognitive schema through which they identify and assess their leaders. Once they identify small number of prototypical leadership in a person then they designate him as a leader. As depicted in the movie, Gandhi has follower driven leadership. It is amply clear that Gandhis follower played significant role in the construction of leadership. Mahatma Gandhi always worked in the best interest of his followers. Conclusion MY LIFE IS MY MESSAGE Gandhi was a great leader and independence fighter whose personality and leadership qualities widely influenced his followers. He accomplished his vision of Independent India by following on his principles of non violence and non cooperation. Opponents could never challenge his ideas and beliefs and later, he became ideal of many great leaders. Using principles of Satyagraha, he led the campaign for Indian independence from Britain. Gandhi was arrested many times by British for his activities in South Africa and India. He believed it was honourable to go to jail for a just cause. Altogether he spent seven years in prison for his political activities. Gandhi used fasting to impress upon others the need to be non-violent. India was granted independence in 1947. In the words of Indian poet, Pradeep: You gave us freedom without any sword or shield, you are a miracle.